UEFA coefficient

See also: UEFA European Football Championship, UEFA Champions League, and UEFA Europa League

In European football, the UEFA coefficients are statistics used for ranking and seeding teams in club and international competitions. The coefficients are calculated by UEFA, who administer football within Europe. It uses three different coefficients to rank the national teams, the national leagues, and football clubs.

Contents

National team coefficient

The UEFA national team coefficient is derived from the results of each European national football team, and only calculated by UEFA every second year in November; defined as being the point of time when all UEFA nations have completed the qualification stage of the upcoming World Cup or European Championship tournament.

The purpose of calculating the coefficients is to compile an official UEFA rank, to be used as seeding criteria for the European nations, when drawing up qualification groups and the final tournament groups of the European Championship. Previously, up until 2006, the UEFA national team coefficient was also used for the seeded draw of World Cup qualification groups in Europe, while the draw for final tournament groups of the World Cup was always seeded on the basis of the official FIFA ranking. The reason why UEFA stopped using UEFA national team coefficients for the seeding of World Cup qualification groups was a request from FIFA to only use the official FIFA ranking for all seeded draws related to the World Cup tournament.

Throughout the history of international football, the seeding criteria for the big tournaments has been changed a number of times, but UEFA and FIFA have always stuck to the concept of having some sort of seeded draw for the European Championship and World Cup tournament, in order to keep the best teams apart until the later stages of the competition.

Old ranking and calculation method

It was first introduced in 2003 and used for seeding the 2004 European Final tournament and 2006 World Cup qualification. Until the end of the Euro 2008 tournament, the UEFA national team coefficient was calculated by dividing the number of all points scored (three points for a win, one for a draw) by the number of all matches played, in the last two qualification rounds of the World Cup or European Championship. Results from the final tournaments, Play-off matches and friendly games were all ignored. In those cases where a nation did not take part at one of the two latest qualifying rounds, due to being directly qualified as a host, only one qualifying round would be taken into account.

If two or more nations would end up with exactly the same coefficient, the following ranking criteria was applied:

  1. Highest coefficient from the matches played in the most recent qualifying competition.
  2. Biggest average goal difference per game -found by dividing the sum of all goal differences, with the number of ranked matches.
  3. Highest average number of goals scored per game.
  4. Highest average number of away goals scored per game.
  5. Drawing of lots.

The last three times UEFA used this simple calculation method, was for the final UEFA ranking in 2003, 2005 and 2007.

New ranking and calculation method

On 20 May 2008, UEFA announced changes to the coefficient ranking system.[1][2][3] The ranking will continue to be calculated every second year in November, but under the new system, teams now gain ranking points for each game played in the most recently completed full cycle (defined as all qualifying games and final tournament games) of both the World Cup and European Championship, with addition of ranking points for each game played at the latest completed half cycle (defined as all games played in the latest qualifying round). Ranking points for all games played inside those two and a half cycles, will be awarded according to the rules listed below.

  1. 10,000 points are awarded for each match played.
  2. For the result of each match, the team will earn an additional 30,000 for winning and 10,000 for a draw.
  3. In case of a game to be decided by penalty shoot out, the winner will gain an additional 10,000 points, beside of the points awarded for the drawn result.
  4. Each match at the final tournament, or play-offs to determine qualification, are also granted some extra bonus points; ranging from 6,000 points for all play-offs or World Cup group stage games, to 38,000 points for playing a final.
  5. Finally 501 points are earned for a goal scored, while 500 are lost for each goal conceded.
  6. Coefficients are calculated for each two and a half cycle, by dividing the sum of earned points with the number of games played.
  7. When calculating the overall average coefficient for the cycles, the latest full cycle and half cycle will each have double the weight, compared to the oldest full cycle.
  8. Special arrangements are in place for those nations, that did not participate in one of the previous qualifying tournaments, due to being host of the competition.

Final ranking in 2009

The ranking points from November 2009, to be used for the seeded draw of UEFA Euro 2012 qualification groups, was calculated for each nation by adding up:

The new official UEFA ranking was calculated for the first time in November 2009, with the following final points:[4]

  1.  Spain
 39,964
  1.  Germany
 38,294
  1.  Netherlands
 37,821
  1.  Italy
 35,838
  1.  England
 34,819
  1.  Croatia
 33,677
  1.  Portugal
 33,226
  1.  France
 32,551
  1.  Russia
 32,477
  1.  Greece
 31,268
  1.  Czech Republic
 30,871
  1.  Sweden
 30,695
  1.  Switzerland
 30,395
  1.  Serbia
 29,811
  1.  Turkey
 29,447
  1.  Denmark
 29,222
  1.  Slovakia
 28,228
  1.  Romania
 28,145
  1.  Ukraine
 28,133
  1.  Israel
 28,052
  1.  Bulgaria
 27,198
  1.  Finland
 26,827
  1.  Poland
 26,620
  1.  Norway
 26,210
  1.  Republic of Ireland
 25,971
  1.  Scotland
 25,646
  1.  Northern Ireland
 24,518
  1.  Austria
 24,381
  1.  Bosnia and Herzegovina
 24,365
  1.  Slovenia
 24,221
  1.  Latvia
 23,303
  1.  Hungary
 23,048
  1.  Lithuania
 22,071
  1.  Belarus
 21,515
  1.  Belgium
 21,426
  1.  Wales
 21,274
  1.  Macedonia
 19,409
  1.  Cyprus
 18,791
  1.  Montenegro
 18,751
  1.  Albania
 18,319
  1.  Estonia
 17,792
  1.  Georgia
 15,819
  1.  Moldova
 15,734
  1.  Iceland
 15,404
  1.  Armenia
 15,164
  1.  Kazakhstan
 14,730
  1.  Liechtenstein
 13,581
  1.  Azerbaijan
 13,500
  1.  Luxembourg
 11,872
  1.  Malta
 11,517
  1.  Faroe Islands
 10,620
  1.  Andorra
 9,197
  1.  San Marino
 7,783

Final ranking in 2011

The ranking points to be calculated for UEFA Euro 2012 final tournament, will be found by adding up:[5]

  1.  Spain
 43,116
  1.  Netherlands
 40,860
  1.  Germany
 40,446
  1.  Italy
 34,357
  1.  England
 33,563
  1.  Russia
 33,212
  1.  Croatia
 32,723
  1.  Greece
 32,455
  1.  Sweden
 31,675
  1.  Denmark
 31,205
  1.  Portugal
 31,202
  1.  France
 30,508
  1.  Republic of Ireland
 28,203
  1.  Ukraine
 28,029
  1.  Czech Republic
 27,982
  1.  Serbia
 27,975
  1.  Switzerland
 27,745
  1.  Turkey
 27,601
  1.  Bosnia and Herzegovina
 27,199
  1.  Norway
 27,093
  1.  Slovakia
 27,035
  1.  Israel
 26,942
  1.  Hungary
 26,110
  1.  Slovenia
 25,643
  1.  Romania
 24,968
  1.  Finland
 24,673
  1.  Scotland
 24,426
  1.  Poland
 23,806
  1.  Austria
 23,246
  1.  Latvia
 23,185
  1.  Northern Ireland
 22,959
  1.  Belarus
 22,638
  1.  Belgium
 22,539
  1.  Bulgaria
 22,189
  1.  Montenegro
 21,876
  1.  Wales
 21,633
  1.  Estonia
 20,355
  1.  Armenia
 19,746
  1.  Lithuania
 19,706
  1.  Macedonia
 18,764
  1.  Albania
 17,904
  1.  Georgia
 16,563
  1.  Cyprus
 16,511
  1.  Moldova
 16,423
  1.  Iceland
 15,343
  1.  Azerbaijan
 14,931
  1.  Kazakhstan
 14,638
  1.  Luxembourg
 13,145
  1.  Liechtenstein
 13,005
  1.  Faroe Islands
 12,176
  1.  Malta
 10,599
  1.  Andorra
 8,467
  1.  San Marino
 7,562

A preliminary UEFA Euro 2012 ranking has been calculated according to the scheme above, to show the current ranking, before the remaining Euro 2012 qualifiers are played.

Association coefficient ("League coefficient")

The league coefficient is used to rank the leagues of Europe, and thus determine the number of clubs from a league that will participate in UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League.

The UEFA ranking determines the number of teams competing in the season after the next, not in the first season after the publication of the ranking. Thus, the rankings at the end of the 2011–12 season determine the team allocation by country in the 2013–14 (not 2012–13) European season, however, the actual teams that will be participating are determined at the end of the 2012–13 season when the individual league classifications and national cups are finalized.

This coefficient is determined by the results of the clubs of the leagues in UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League games over the past five seasons. Two points are awarded for each win by a club, and one for a draw (points are halved in the qualifying and playoff rounds). Goals scored in extra time do count in determining the outcome of a game, but any Penalty shootout result does not affect the allocation of points other than the bonus points. The number of points awarded each season is divided by the number of teams that participated for that nation in that season. This number is then rounded to three decimal places (e.g. 2⅔ would be rounded to 2.667).

For the league coefficient the season's league coefficients for the last five seasons must be added up. In the preliminary rounds of both the Champions League and Europa League, the awarded points are halved. Bonus points are allocated for:

The bonus points are added to the number of points scored in a season.

Current ranking

The ranking at the end of the 2011–12 season determines the allocation in 2013–14 competitions. The rankings are as follows:[6]

Rank
2012		 Rank
2011		 Mvmt. League 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 Coeff. Teams
2011–12		 CL places EL places Total
1 1 — England 17.875 15.000 17.928 18.357 12.375 81.535 5/8 4 3 7
2 2 — Spain 13.875 13.312 17.928 18.214 11.285 74.614 5/7
3 3 — Germany 13.500 12.687 18.083 15.666 10.750 70.686 4/6
4 4 — Italy 10.250 11.375 15.428 11.571 9.500 58.124 5/7 3 6
5 5 — France 6.928 11.000 15.000 10.750 9.666 53.344 2/6
6 6 — Portugal 7.928 6.785 10.000 18.800 9.000 52.513 4/6
7 7 — Russia 11.250 9.750 6.166 10.916 8.916 46.998 4/6 2 4
8 8 — Ukraine 4.875 16.625 5.800 10.083 6.416 43.799 1/6
9 9 — Netherlands 5.000 6.333 9.416 11.166 9.200 41.115 4/5
10 11 +1 Greece 7.500 6.500 7.900 7.600 6.200 35.700 2/5 3 5
11 10 −1 Turkey 9.750 7.000 7.600 4.600 6.125 35.075 2/4
12 13 +1 Belgium 4.500 4.500 8.700 4.600 9.500 31.800 3/5
13 12 −1 Denmark 5.125 8.200 4.400 6.700 3.100 27.525 0/5
14 16 +2 Switzerland 6.250 2.900 5.750 5.900 5.600 26.400 1/5
15 19 +4 Austria 3.200 2.250 9.375 4.375 7.125 26.325 1/4
16 20 +4 Cyprus 2.666 6.333 4.250 3.125 8.375 24.749 1/4 1 3 4
17 17 — Israel 2.375 1.750 7.250 4.625 6.000 22.000 0/4
18 15 −3 Scotland 10.250 1.875 2.666 3.600 2.750 21.141 0/4
19 18 −1 Czech Republic 5.125 2.375 4.100 3.500 5.000 20.100 1/4
20 24 +4 Poland 1.666 5.000 2.125 4.500 5.875 19.166 2/4
21 22 +1 Croatia 3.666 4.333 3.000 4.125 3.750 18.874 0/4
22 14 −8 Romania 2.600 2.642 6.083 3.166 4.333 18.824 1/6
23 23 — Belarus 1.833 4.000 3.375 5.875 3.125 18.208 0/4
24 28 +4 Sweden 5.400 2.500 2.500 2.600 2.900 15.900 0/5
25 25 — Slovakia 2.166 4.833 2.500 3.000 2.375 14.874 0/4
26 26 — Norway 5.400 2.500 2.100 2.375 2.300 14.675 0/4
27 27 — Serbia 2.625 3.000 3.000 3.500 2.125 14.250 0/4
28 21 −7 Bulgaria 2.750 2.250 3.125 4.625 1.500 14.250 0/4
29 32 +3 Hungary 1.000 1.000 2.750 2.750 2.250 9.750 0/4
30 30 — Finland 2.625 1.833 1.375 1.800 1.500 9.133 0/4
31 36 +5 Georgia 1.000 1.166 1.750 1.875 2.875 8.666 0/4
32 29 −3 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.833 1.833 1.750 1.875 1.125 8.416 0/4
33 31 −2 Republic of Ireland 1.000 2.500 1.375 1.000 1.500 7.375 0/4
34 38 +4 Slovenia 0.666 1.333 1.375 1.500 2.250 7.124 0/4
35 34 −1 Lithuania 1.500 2.500 1.250 0.625 1.000 6.875 0/4
36 33 −3 Moldova 1.333 0.666 2.125 2.125 0.500 6.749 0/4
37 37 — Azerbaijan 0.666 0.666 1.500 2.000 1.375 6.207 0/4
38 35 −3 Latvia 1.333 1.166 2.250 0.500 0.625 5.874 0/4
39 39 — Macedonia 1.666 0.500 0.500 1.375 1.625 5.666 0/4
40 41 +1 Kazakhstan 0.750 0.833 1.250 0.875 1.625 5.333 0/4
41 40 −1 Iceland 1.166 1.166 1.250 0.375 1.375 5.332 0/4
42 43 +1 Montenegro 0.500 0.500 1.125 1.750 0.500 4.375 0/4
43 42 −1 Liechtenstein1 0.500 0.000 1.000 0.500 2.000 4.000 0/1 0 1 1
44 44 — Albania 0.500 0.666 1.000 0.875 0.875 3.916 0/4 1 3 4
45 48 +3 Malta 0.000 0.000 0.750 1.500 0.833 3.083 0/3
46 46 — Wales 0.666 0.333 0.250 0.875 0.625 2.749 0/4
47 45 −2 Estonia 0.833 0.333 0.875 0.250 0.375 2.666 0/4
48 49 +1 Northern Ireland 0.500 0.333 0.125 1.125 0.500 2.583 0/4
49 51 +2 Luxembourg 0.333 0.000 0.250 0.625 1.125 2.333 0/4
50 47 −3 Armenia 1.333 0.000 0.500 0.250 0.125 2.208 0/4
51 50 −1 Faroe Islands 0.333 0.333 0.000 0.250 0.500 1.416 0/4
52 52 — Andorra 0.500 0.000 0.500 0.000 0.000 1.000 0/4 2 3
53 53 — San Marino 0.250 0.000 0.500 0.166 0.000 0.916 0/3
  Indicates active countries which have all their teams still competing in this year's UEFA Champions League or Europa League.
  Indicates active countries which have teams still competing in this year's UEFA Champions League or Europa League.
  Indicates countries which have no teams still competing in this year's UEFA Champions League or Europa League.

1The Liechtenstein Football Association does not organize a national league competition as it does not have the necessary amount of national clubs. As a result, the only competitor from Liechtenstein in European competitions is the Liechtenstein Cup winners, who qualify for the UEFA Europa League.

The league champions from the top 12 countries automatically enter the group stage of the competitions, whereas teams from the lower ranked countries must go through the preliminary qualification rounds.

Further information on the Liechtenstein's status and similar cases.

According to the UEFA regulations a National League needs to consist of at least eight clubs to be considered valid, otherwise no participants of such a league will be allowed to enter European competitions. There are only seven clubs that are active in Liechtenstein all of which play in the neighbouring Switzerland's league competitions. Note: prior the introduction of the Welsh Premier League in 1992 Wales also had a single participant, the winner (or best placed Welsh team as several English teams also competed) of the Welsh Cup, in the European competitions.

History


Ranking has been published by UEFA since 1979 to identify the number of participants for each country in the UEFA Cup after the re-organization of the Inter-cities Fairs Cup in 1971. No calculation of coefficients took place prior to that. Later, for statistical purposes, various rankings were introduced to portray the history of competitions. Because the Inter-cities Fairs Cup was limited only to certain clubs and/or by invitation no coefficient calculation was necessary. According to the prorated (extended) calculation system only four leagues have succeeded in being the top European league.[7]

The table at the right shows the history of first placed teams in UEFA League Coefficients.

The next table shows the ranking of nations with respect to the total number of years leading in Europe:

Rank League Total
1 La Liga 15
2 First Division /
Premier League		 14
3 Serie A 13
4 Bundesliga 10

Club coefficient

The club coefficient is determined by the results of a club in European club competition in the last five seasons, and the league coefficient. The club coefficient is 20% of the league coefficient plus the number of points earned by the club in the five seasons. The points earned by a club in the preliminary rounds are not counted.[8]

The clubs get two points for a win, and one point for a draw and no points for a defeat in games of the main stage of European competitions. Qualifying round results are taken into account only for the calculation of the association's coefficient and are halved. Participation in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League is rewarded with four points and another four points rewarded for qualifying to round of 16 for both competitions. Clubs which reach the round of 16, quarterfinals,semi-finals or final of the UEFA Champions League or the quarter-finals, semi-finals or final of the UEFA Europa League are awarded an extra point for each such round.[9] Since the introduction of the UEFA Europa League, clubs participated in the qualifying round and in the play-offs of both competitions.

Round Points awarded
Champions League Europa League
Eliminated in first qualifying round 0.5 0.25
Eliminated in second qualifying round 1 0.5
Eliminated in third qualifying round – 1
Eliminated in play-offs – 1.5

Also, a guaranteed minimum of two points is introduced for the clubs which participate in the group stage of Europa League. This guaranteed minimum is not added to the points obtained by the clubs concerned during the group stage and is not taken into consideration for the calculation of the coefficient of the national association.

This ranking is used by UEFA to determine which pot the club belongs to in the preliminary and first rounds of the Champions League, and the preliminary, first and second rounds of the Europa League.

Before 1999 a number of strong teams in the UEFA Cup were seeded such that those teams do not meet in the first two rounds. To determine these teams, the sum of, the ratio of the number of points achieved to the number of games played by each team, was calculated for the past five years.

The top 25 clubs currently are as follows:[10]

Rank
2012		 Rank
2011		 Mvmt Club Country 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 Coeff.
1 2 +1 Barcelona  Spain 27.7750 28.6624 30.5856 36.6428 22.2570 145.922
2 1 −1 Manchester United  England 32.5750 28.0000 28.5856 36.6714 13.4750 139.307
3 3 — Chelsea  England 28.5750 25.0000 22.5856 26.6714 19.4750 122.307
4 4 — Bayern Munich  Germany 22.7000 22.5375 30.6166 24.1332 20.1500 120.137
5 6 +1 Arsenal  England 21.5750 22.0000 25.5856 22.6714 19.4750 111.307
6 7 +1 Real Madrid  Spain 14.7750 14.6625 22.5856 33.6428 23.2570 108.922
7 9 +2 Internazionale  Italy 16.0500 13.2750 34.0856 21.3142 17.9000 102.624
8 8 — Porto  Portugal 15.5855 17.3570 21.0000 31.7600 11.8000 97.502
9 13 +4 Lyon  France 13.3856 15.2000 28.0000 19.1500 16.9332 92.668
10 5 −5 Liverpool  England 24.5750 23.0000 24.5856 15.6714 2.4750 90.307
11 10 −1 Milan  Italy 16.0500 14.2750 19.0856 18.3142 17.9000 85.624
12 14 +2 Shakhtar Donetsk  Ukraine 7.9750 29.3250 11.1600 26.0166 9.2832 83.759
13 17 +4 Benfica  Portugal 12.5856 4.3570 21.0000 25.7600 19.8000 83.502
14 24 +10 Marseille  France 13.3856 14.2000 17.0000 20.1500 17.9332 82.668
15 22 +7 CSKA Moscow  Russia 6.2500 18.9500 21.2332 16.1832 16.7832 79.399
16 23 +7 Atlético Madrid  Spain 14.7750 17.6624 24.5856 9.6428 11.2570 77.922
16 19 +3 Villarreal  Spain 15.7750 18.6624 10.5856 26.6428 6.2570 77.922
18 15 −3 Valencia  Spain 9.7750 13.6624 19.5856 21.6428 12.2570 76.922
19 31 +12 Zenit St. Petersburg  Russia 23.2500 14.9500 2.7332 18.1832 17.7832 76.899
20 12 −8 Werder Bremen  Germany 15.7000 24.5375 18.6166 11.1332 2.1500 72.137
21 21 — PSV Eindhoven  Netherlands 17.0000 6.2666 13.8832 20.2332 12.8400 70.223
22 29 +7 Schalke 04  Germany 15.7000 8.5374 3.6166 30.1332 12.1500 70.137
22 20 −2 Hamburg  Germany 18.7000 24.5374 21.6166 3.1332 2.1500 70.137
24 25 +2 Sporting CP  Portugal 18.5856 13.3570 14.0000 13.7600 9.8000 69.502
25 16 −9 Roma  Italy 19.0500 16.2750 12.0856 18.3142 3.4000 69.124
  Indicates teams still active in this year's UEFA Champions League or UEFA Europa League.
  Indicates teams from active countries in this year's UEFA Champions League or UEFA Europa League.

Top club by period

Top-ranked clubs in each 5-year period listed by year:[11]

Years Club Ranking
1956–1960 Real Madrid 9.856
1957–1961 Real Madrid 8.499
1958–1962 Real Madrid 8.356
1959–1963 Real Madrid 6.856
1960–1964 Barcelona 7.382
1961–1965 Benfica 8.455
1962–1966 Benfica 7.788
1963–1967 Real Zaragoza 7.691
1964–1968 Real Madrid 7.345
1965–1969 Benfica 7.415
1966–1970 Leeds United 8.033
1967–1971 Leeds United 8.183
1968–1972 Leeds United 7.583
1969–1973 Ajax 8.985
1970–1974 Ajax 8.430
1971–1975 Borussia Mönchengladbach 8.500
1972–1976 Bayern Munich 8.609
1973–1977 Borussia Mönchengladbach 8.694
Years Club Ranking
1974–1978 Borussia Mönchengladbach 8.319
1975–1979 Borussia Mönchengladbach 8.402
1976–1980 Borussia Mönchengladbach 7.985
1977–1981 Barcelona 7.652
1978–1982 Barcelona 7.832
1979–1983 Barcelona 7.998
1980–1984 Liverpool 8.277
1981–1985 Liverpool 9.054
1982–1986 Anderlecht 7.915
Juventus 7.915
1983–1987 Juventus 8.665
1984–1988 Juventus 8.388
1985–1989 Bayern Munich 7.846
1986–1990 Bayern Munich 8.096
1987–1991 Juventus 8.291
1988–1992 Real Madrid 7.975
1989–1993 Real Madrid 7.850
1990–1994 Real Madrid 7.600
Years Club Ranking
1991–1995 Real Madrid 7.266
1992–1996 Ajax 9.124
1993–1997 Juventus 8.719
1994–1998 Paris Saint-Germain 8.716
1995–1999 Juventus 121.606
1996–2000 Juventus 109.963
1997–2001 Real Madrid 114.605
1998–2002 Real Madrid 147.233
1999–2003 Real Madrid 151.769
2000–2004 Real Madrid 146.350
2001–2005 Real Madrid 131.326
2002–2006 Milan 129.020
2003–2007 Milan 133.808
2004–2008 Chelsea 124.996
2005–2009 Barcelona 121.853
2006–2010 Barcelona 136.951
2007–2011 Manchester United 151.157

Top-rated clubs listed by number of years as top-ranked club:

Rank Club Total
1 Real Madrid 14
2 Juventus 7
3 Barcelona 6
4 Borussia Mönchengladbach 5
5 Benfica 3
Leeds United 3
Ajax 3
Bayern Munich 3
9 Liverpool 2
Milan 2
11 Real Zaragoza 1
Anderlecht 1
Paris Saint-Germain 1
Chelsea 1
Manchester United 1

References

  1. ^ "EXCO approves new coefficient system". UEFA. 20 May 2008. http://www.uefa.com/uefa/management/newsid=698237.html. Retrieved 21 May 2008. 
  2. ^ "New UEFA National Team Coefficient Ranking System" (PDF). UEFA. 20 May 2008. http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/uefa/KeyTopics/69/80/93/698093_DOWNLOAD.pdf. Retrieved 21 May 2008. 
  3. ^ "National Team Coefficient Ranking -Technical explanation" (PDF). UEFA. October 2009. http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/uefa/KeyTopics/90/14/57/901457_DOWNLOAD.pdf. 
  4. ^ "National Team Coefficients Overview" (PDF). UEFA. 19 November 2009. http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/uefa/KeyTopics/92/18/20/921820_DOWNLOAD.pdf. Retrieved 20 November 2009. 
  5. ^ "Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship 2010–12" (PDF). UEFA. http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/Regulations/uefa/Others/91/48/36/914836_DOWNLOAD.pdf. Retrieved 3 September 2011. 
  6. ^ "UEFA Country Ranking 2012". Bert Kassies. http://www.xs4all.nl/~kassiesa/bert/uefa/data/method4/crank2012.html. Retrieved 15 December 2011. 
  7. ^ UEFA European Cup Coefficients Database (Bert Kassies)
  8. ^ "UEFA Coefficients calculation method". Bert Kassies. http://www.xs4all.nl/~kassiesa/bert/uefa/calc.html. Retrieved 28 August 2010. 
  9. ^ "FAQ". UEFA. 1 July 2005. http://www.uefa.com/uefa/faq/index.html. Retrieved 14 March 2009. 
  10. ^ "UEFA Team Ranking 2012". Bert Kassies. http://www.xs4all.nl/~kassiesa/bert/uefa/data/method4/trank2012.html. Retrieved 15 December 2011. 
  11. ^ See column Team Ranking in "UEFA European Cup Coefficients Database". Bert Kassies. http://www.xs4all.nl/~kassiesa/bert/uefa/data/index.html. Retrieved 21 October 2010. 

External links